Antonelli’s new record – he is 19 years and 212 days old – beat the previous held by Sebastian Vettel, who was 21 years and 72 days old when he took pole at the 2008 Italian Grand Prix.
Antonelli said he was “very happy” but accepted that he might well not have taken pole had Russell had a problem-free qualifying.
He said: “George had an issue, so probably could have been a different story but happy to be on pole for the first time.”
Russell described his second place as “damage limitation” after a litany of problems through qualifying.
The championship leader said: “It was a crazy session. Front wing broke at the end of Q2. The team weren’t sure it had broken but I was sure it had. Then got stranded on track and just made it back out in time. It was more a case of just getting a lap done.
“P2 is better than I was expecting when I started the lap with no battery and tyre temperature. Really happy to be here because I could have been down in 10th.”
In the first session, Leclerc became the first driver to beat Russell in a competitive session this year with a time just under 0.1secs quicker than the Briton.
Then in the second session, Russell ended up third fastest behind Antonelli and Leclerc after he suffered a broken front wing flap.
Heading out for the final session with a new wing, Russell’s car stopped on track on his out lap as the gearbox refused to change gear.
Antonelli drove past his team-mate as he set the fastest time on his first flying lap, 0.3secs quicker than Leclerc.
After frantic work in the garage, Mercedes managed to fix Russell’s car by applying a series of default procedures such as switching the car off and on again and swapping out the steering wheel.
He got just out in time to set a lap but his rushed preparation meant the car was not in its optimum condition as he went for a time.
However, Antonelli had his own problems on his final run – he suffered the same front wing problem has Russell had done in Q2.
Hamilton, who tussled with Russell for the lead in the opening laps of the sprint race earlier on Saturday, was 0.351secs off pole and said he had hopes of challenging the Mercedes again in the grand prix.
“It was a really tough qualifying,” Hamilton said. “A bit harder with the wind. It is so gusty today. So challenging.
“Really happy and grateful to be up here with these guys. Engineers did some great work over the break and managed to get a little closer to these guys.
“It’s still going to be a challenge but I am sure we’re going to have some fun. Learned a lot in the sprint race and our goal is to break the gap to these guys somehow.”
The McLarens were just over 0.1secs behind the Ferraris and Norris said: “We’re happy we’re close to them, gives us a good shot at tomorrow.”
But Verstappen was downcast to be nearly a second off the pace in the Red Bull.
“We change a lot on the car, and it makes zero difference,” the four-time world champion said.
“The whole weekend we’ve been off. The car is completely undriveable. I cannot even put a bit of a reference in. Every lap is like survival.”